How to Spot Money-Laundering and Reshipping Scams

How to Spot Money-Laundering and Reshipping Scams Are money-laundering and reshipping scams only tied to big corporations?How come most scams come to you by people abroad who reach you through e-mail or social media?With so many possibilities and offers we can find on the internet, how to know which one is reliable and which one isnt?Nowadays, people are aware of e-mail scamming and think twice before responding to an e-mail where a Nigerian prince who is a relative of theirs passed away and left them money.Still, scams are evolving and can be found not only through social media, but through employment boards as well.In this article, we will tackle this taboo subject and cover everything you need to know in order to not get caught up in money-laundering and reshipping scams.Weve covered everything from explaining how these scams work, to how to spot and avoid them.Hope you enjoy reading!WHAT IS A SCAM?Internet jobs are the most convenient ways for criminals to move their stolen goods or money. Individuals willing to work and make mo ney unwillingly partake in illegal activities.Most job seekers are already familiar with that they can become accomplices or victims to a scam if they are not careful when looking for work online.Scams can often come as an e-mail, which is a lot of times grammatically incorrect. Although, scam e-mails can teach us a lot about sales.These e-mails state that the employer has seen your resume somewhere and that they are offering you a position in their company. Spoofing is also a well-known way of e-mail scamming.A WORD ABOUT SPOOFINGSpoofing is forging an e-mail header so that the e-mail appears as if its coming from someone or somewhere official.The point is not to show the real source of the e-mail, because of its, probable ambiguity.People open e-mails more when they think they came from an official source. The goal of spoofing is just that to get people to open the e-mail and to respond to it.Most spoofing e-mails are easily detected and can just be deleted. Some, however, can be serious security risks.An e-mail can supposedly be from a website you use, and it can ask you for sensitive information. It may ask you for your credit card number, password and other information you dont share.Another serious security risk is when the e-mail contains links to malware and viruses which are installed on your computer when clicked on.Spoofing is a way of executing phishing attacks and is often used not only to get sensitive information out of you and install viruses on your device but also for identity thefts and image tarnishing.WHAT IS A MONEY-LAUNDERING SCAM?Requiring someone to do a transaction in someone elses name and with illegally obtained money and promising them something in return, while actually stealing that money is an act called money laundering.Promises can, other than money, be about new job offers, or about some prizes you have won, and even about free trips you are awarded.This act is called money laundering because youve basically washed illegally acquired money into now clean, legal money.This concept is very popular in the criminal world and in corruptive individuals or institutions.With the evolution of the internet, unfortunately, this type of scam evolved as well. More often than not, these types of scams rely on the internet.Scammers rely on gullible people to answer a false job offer of using their personal bank accounts to transfer stolen money to the scammer.Usually, the individual who agrees to carry out the job gets to keep a part of the total sum as compensation for their work.However, when the right authorities find out about the act, they take away all the money. In addition, extra charges for participating in criminal activity will happen.This seems like an easy way to make money, however, even if we take away the fact that it is not legal, long-term its not sustainable. You dont want to be looking around always wondering if someone will find out, do you?Keep in mind that if you didnt ask questions about the j ob being legit or not, you could end up with financial penalties or even going to jail.Lets keep in mind that banks also have access to your account and can notice if you suddenly have an abnormal amount of cash flowing through your bank account.Money-launderers often create job openings for people from a specific nation. They then ask the candidates to transfer money or process payments in their name, stating that they cant do so themselves because they are not from that nation.Communication then continues and its quality can vary. Weve witnessed fraud e-mail which is very proficiently written, but more often than not they have noticeable grammar mistakes.Scammers dont take long to respond and dont organize a selection process.If you are immediately accepted for a job, without a selection process and you are told that you are the perfect candidate. If you find yourself in a situation like this, know that this is a red flag. WHAT IS A RESHIPPING SCAM?Similar to money-laundering, res hipping scams are based on manipulating individuals to partake in a crime or commit a new one entirely.The range of crimes that can be committed is very vast: from repackaging stolen merchandise, electronics, drugs, guns, stolen money and worse things we wont even mention.This type of scam is also well-known as postal forwarding. This is how they work:An individual accepts a package that the scammer has sent.He repackages it and reships it back to them.He pays the shipping charges.The scammer pays with fake money, usually its a fake paycheck but nowadays Bitcoin is also popular.After the paycheck bounces, the people whove executed the deed can be charged for shipping or even for the price of goods which were bought online with someone elses money.The victim handled the stolen goods and thus committed an illegal act.All the victim did is follow the instructions, but as we can see, blindly following instructions will just lead to being exploited by someone.Since the victims are domest ic and the easily traceable parts of the scam.This type of work-at-home deals happen when for example, a cybercriminal acquires someones credit card information.With that, he or she will buy different goods which will be repackaged and reshipped back to them.Usually, the goods are then sold on the black market. Money acquired like this can further be laundered. MONEY LAUNDERING TECHNIQUESMoney-laundering first introduces the money into the financial system.After that, the money is moved around to create distance between the criminals and itself. In the end, the money is brought back to the criminals as legitimate money.Because the amount of money laundered is usually outstanding, one way to do it is to break it into smaller transactions and spread to different accounts. Across borders, money can be laundered through wire transfers or currency exchange.It is also popular to get the victims to invest in gold or other goods which can be transported around easier than money. Investing i n real estate or creating companies is a neat way of hiding from the government your extra income.Being under the radar is necessary to pull out a scam like this.With new anonymous ways of doing online payments or using virtual currencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, it is almost impossible to trace illegal money. Using proxy servers to change the IP address leaves no trace and can be a way to a perfect crime.Online auctions, gambling websites and even gaming websites can be used to launder money.For example, if a gaming website has its own currency and the stolen money can be converted into it, when converted back it will come up as clean money.Laws on money-laundering are slow to catch up since they rely mostly on traditional banks and institutions. Cybercriminals want to remain undetected and change their approach often be it online gaming websites, block chain or auctions and sales.RESHIPPING TECHNIQUESThe criminal can be located anywhere in the world and can find a victim anywher e online. The criminal committed identity theft and cant use that identity to make purchases, else he or she is at risk of being discovered by authorities.So, the criminal relies on the victim to receive the goods at their address and reship them to them. Almost never do the criminal and the victim actually meet in person.The scam is done through the internet by offering work-at-home, charity scams, flirting and so on. The victim receives instructions on how, when and where to receive the package and where the criminal wants them to be sent afterward.HOW DO MERCHANTS PREVENT THIS?Reshipping scams are a big threat to companies who ship worldwide. FedEx, UPS, DHL and many others need to constantly be on the look-out of being dragged into illegal activities with reshipping.When we sign a package upon receiving it, we helped prevent reshipping scams. This is a measure created by these companies to reduce the probability of such scams.Other precautions have also been taken. Merchants can refuse to ship to a customer that enters different billing and shipping addresses.To check what happened, they call the customer or try to draw a connection between two people on their own.When the merchant establishes how the two people know each other, then it is safe to assume that the shipment is not a scam.How can merchants establish a connection between the buyer and the recipient? Well, for example, they can use social media. Facebook and Twitter come in handy in these scenarios.If he doesnt find a public connection there it means that he needs to dig deeper.The more advanced merchants can track IP addresses and compare shopping behaviors, but not all merchants are on this level yet.HOW TO SPOT THESE SCAMS?The question is how to notice a fake from a real job offer in a place called the internet.Many offers are out there and if you want to avoid getting caught in illegal activities you need to be very careful.There are some red signs you should be on the lookout:Solicitation of money If your potential new employer is asking you to pay something in advance, the offer is not trustworthy. A lot of times you are required to send something to him a CV, a recommendation letter, a task that he assigned to you but you will never be asked to pay something upfront. If you do get asked, dont do it and end all communication with him/them.E-mail address is not from company domain Employers usually contact through official company e-mail address which has their own domain. If the employers address is Gmail, Hotmail or Yahoo, that may be a red flag. All serious companies and institutions nowadays have their own e-mail domain so you know that their representatives are official.The job seems too easy The majority of work offers which can be done from home are not real. If the job description is a one and done act and it seems to simple to be worth that much money, it is probably a scam.The bar is set too low If your qualifications arent specified and you are not in terviewed or asked about your experience, strengths, weaknesses, wants and wishes, the other side is probably looking for just any accomplice they can find. Often times they will talk to you like you are their perfect candidate. You can ask them questions to check legitimacy. For example, what do they like about you so much or how do they see your contribution to the company?Lack of company information After every offer be sure to research the company online. Visit their company website, look for reviews and experiences. Does the offer match with what you can find about the company online? Is the e-mail they contacted you with the same as the one on the website? If the information is lacking then its best to quit pursuing that company further.Suspicious location Are you required to show up at an unknown location? If your potential employer asks you to come to a job presentation at a location you find uncomfortable, you should probably ignore the invitation. He or she may even ask you to pick up something somewhere, and this is definitely a red flag, as red as it can get.Guaranteed income without investing Something that generates income and doesnt require investing time, money, or both in it, and is presented to you by a message on social media or through e-mail, should definitely be ignored.HOW TO PREVENT FROM GETTING INVOLVED?There are some precautions to take to be safe from getting involved in scams in the first place. Sometimes, especially if you are in a hard situation, it can be very hard to decline a job offer.We all need a job, but evaluating the offer before accepting it can prevent you from being caught up in an illegal scam. This seriously exposes you to financial and personal risk.It is recommended that you always research the company which gives you the offer what employees say about it (its best if you can find someone who has worked or currently works there, testimonials are the best), where is it located, how many search results it gets, w ho they work with and how their website and social media look like.In real life, its usually very easy to spot a scam if you the research. Hard and honest work is the only thing that guarantees financial stability long-term.If you encounter an offer where you can make easy money, think twice why no one else is doing it. Making a lot of money in a short period of time is why criminals begin their illegal journey, and you dont want to end up taking that road.Remember to keep your anti-virus software up to date and turned on always. This will help detect unwanted and harmful content in messages, e-mails, websites and so on.Also, never give out personal information to an unofficial source. The rule of thumb is not to download any content someone you dont know sends you it is probably malware.You should be very picky about your online payments. Dont enter sensitive information at websites which are not secure. It is common for scammers to ask for your credit card information.Be on the l ookout for messages on websites like You are the 1,000,000th visitor! Claim your prize!. When you click on such messages, they usually ask you first for your credit card information before they give you your prize. These links might also carry viruses.WHAT TO DO IF I GET INVOLVED?If you believe that you have been involved in a scam that includes money-laundering or reshipping, or that your personal information was compromised, you should immediately close credit card and bank accounts that are in danger.Report the case to the authorities and gather as much evidence as you can the conversations, their website, their contact and so on.If you yourself did something illegal in the process and you know it, seek legal counseling.Stop all contact with the scammer. Dont reply to any message or e-mail anymore and dont answer the phone. Also, its easy to block them. Dont reply even though they are promising you your money back.Some scammers pretend to be enforcement agencies and promise that they can get you your lost money back.Dont pay anything else when you get scammed, the chances of recovering the money are not good.Your bank has a policy ready on how to deal with frauds.The bank will guide you through the process of closing your account and will be there to assist you fully through this experience.If you have transferred money through another bank or service, it would be best to contact them as well and let them know what happened. After youve done all of these steps, change your passwords for accounts that have been compromised.It is best that you use a different password for all of them from now on. If any of your devices was hacked, for example a phone, a PC or a laptop, clean it.You can bring it to a technician and ask them to format it for you if you are not familiar with how to go about it.At the end of the day, learn out of this and make the most of it. Pay attention in the future if you come across a scam again so you dont fall for it twice, or more. Lear n how scammers work and how to avoid them. You will notice the resemblance in how scammers work.Lastly, talk with someone about this. Your family, partner or friends are there to support you. Even though you might feel shame in admitting that you fell victim to a scam, sharing always helps ease the burden.Not only will you feel better, but they will also learn from that story and wont fall for a scam themselves. This is why sharing this with someone is a definite win-win.FINAL THOUGHTSFalling victim to a scam of any kind, be it money-laundering, reshipping or any other kind is not a fun experience. You will feel manipulated, ashamed and gullible.Truth be told, the internet is full of people waiting to exploit you, so you need to be aware that scam offers are always there.Think twice before accepting to make easy money, you might just end up helping someone perform a criminal activity and face the consequences yourself.The web is a great place to find work online and the good news is that if your offer is from an untrustworthy source that you will probably figure it out by doing a little research about the employer or company.Hopefully, with this article, you feel more aware of what happens online.These scams can happen to you but by following this article we are sure that you will be safe from money-launderers and reshipping scammers.Its always better to be careful than to be sorry, so keep your eyes open!

Italian Indefinite Pronouns (Pronomi Indefiniti)

Like indefinite adjectives (aggettivi indefiniti), in Italian indefinite pronouns (pronomi indefiniti) refer in general (rather than specific) terms to persons, places, or things without specifying the noun which they replace. Italian indefinite pronouns that can function as both pronouns and adjectives include: The regular indefinite pronouns (gli indefiniti regolari), i.e., those that have both a singular and plural form as well as a masculine and feminine form.alcuno—anyalquanto—somewhataltro—morecerto—somediverso—differentmolto—veryparecchio—somepoco—littletaluno—someonetanto—sotroppo—tootutto—allvario—various Di questi vasi alcuni sono grandi, altri piccoli.Some of these vessels are big, others are small. Diversi lasciarono la scuola definitivamente.Several left the school permanently. Molti sono partiti subito, certi il martedà ¬, solo pochi rimasero.Many left immediately, some on Tuesday, and only a few remained. Troppi parlano senza riflettere.Too many (people) talk without thinking. E non sa ancora tutto.He (she) still does not know everything. Note The term tale/tali (such), which can function as both a pronoun and an adjective, only has a singular and plural form. The indefinite pronouns that have only a singular form.uno—aciascuno—eachnessuno—nobody, no one Venne uno a darci la notizia.Someone came to give us the news. A ciascuno il suo.To each his own. Nessuno ha preparato la colazione.No one has prepared the breakfast. Italian indefinite pronouns that function only as pronouns include: The indefinite invariable pronouns (gli indefiniti invariabili).alcunchà ©Ã¢â‚¬â€anythingchecchà ©Ã¢â‚¬â€whateverchicchessia—anyone, anybodychiunque—anyoneniente—nothingnulla—nothingqualcosa—something Non cà ¨ alcunchà © di vero in cià ² che dici.There is no truth in what you say. Checchà © tu ne dica, farà ² come credo.Whatever you may say (about it), I will do as I believe. Non dirlo a chicchessia.Do not tell anyone. A chiunque mi cerchi, dite che tornerà ² domani.If anyone is looking for me, tell them that Ill be back tomorrow. Niente di tutto cià ² à ¨ vero.None of this is true. Non serve a nulla gridare.There is no use shouting. Ha dimenticato di comprare qualcosa, ne sono sicuro!He forgot to buy something, Im sure! The indefinite pronouns that have only a singular form. ognuno—eachqualcuno—someone Ognuno à ¨ responsabile di sà © stesso.Everyone is responsible for himself. Qualcuno chiami un medico.Someone call a doctor. The indefinite pronouns nessuno, ognuno, chiunque, and chicchessia refer only to people: Nessuno (nobody, no one), when it precedes the verb, is used alone; when it follows the verb it is always reinforced by the negation non, which is placed before the verbal form. Nessuno puà ² condannarlo.No one can condemn him. Mio fratello non vide arrivare nessuno.My brother did not see anyone coming. Ognuno (everyone, everybody; each) is used to refer to each individual of a collection or group. Desidero parlare con ognuno di voi.I want to talk with each of you. Chiunque (anyone) is invariable and corresponds to qualunque persona (che); it can serve both as subject and complement (in two different clauses). È un libro che consiglio a chiunque abbia senso dellumorismo.It is a book that I recommend to anyone with a sense of humor. Chicchessia (anyone, anybody), infrequently used, corresponds to chiunque. Riferiscilo pure a chicchessia.Report it also to anyone. The indefinite pronouns qualcosa, niente, nulla, alcunchà ©, and checchà © are used only to refer to things: Qualcosa means one or more things. Per cena, qualcosa preparerà ².I will prepare something for dinner. Ti prego, dimmi qualcosa.Please tell me something. Note The term qualcosa come corresponds to the expression allincirca (roughly). Ho vinto qualcosa come tre milioni.I won something like three million. Niente and nulla, negative indefinite pronouns (pronomi indefiniti negativi), mean nothing; if either term follows the verb they are accompanied by the negation non (which is placed before the verbal form). Niente à ¨ successo.Nothing happened. Non à ¨ successo niente.Nothing happened. Alcunchà © (anything), infrequently used, corresponds to qualcosa; in negative sentences it means nothing. Cera alcunchà © di curioso nel suo incedere.There was nothing strange in his gait. Non dire alcunchà © di offensivo.Do not say anything offensive. Checchà © (whatever), an obsolete form, is a compound pronoun (one indefinite and one relative); it has the meaning of anything that and serves as subject and complement. Checchà © Luigi dica, non mi convincerà  .Whatever Louis says, he couldnt convince me. The indefinite pronouns uno, qualcuno, alcuno, taluno, ciascuno, altro, troppo, parecchio, molto, poco, tutto, tanto, alquanto, and altrettanto are used to refer to people, animals, or things: Uno (a) indicates a person, animal, or thing in a generic way. Linformazione me lha data uno che non conosco.The information was given to me by someone I do not know. Note Uni (the plural form of the pronoun uno) is used in conjunction with altri in phrases such as: Gli uni tacevano, gli altri gridavano.Some were silent, others were shouting. Qualcuno indicates a single person or a small amount, both for people as well as for things. Qualcuno mi ha telefonato, ma non so chi.Someone called me, but I do not know who. A qualcuno questo non piacerà   affatto.Some will not like it at all. Ne ho qualcuno di queste riproduzioni.I have some of these reproductions. Note Essere qualcuno means to appear (from anonymity). È qualcuno nel suo campo.It is someone in your field.

Essay Origins of the English Civil War - 1040 Words

The English Civil War of 1642-1651 can be considered as a feud between the King and the English Parliament. Long before the onset of the civil war, Parliament and king Charles I had distrusted each other. As a result, Parliament often refused to finance the king’s wars. Unable to gain enough support from Parliament, Charles I challenged local control of nobles and landowners, who composed of the majority of Parliament, by â€Å"levying new tariffs and duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, and subjecting English property owners to†¦forced loan and then imprisoning those who refused to pay†¦as well as quartering troops in private homes† (Craig et al. 560). Parliament attempted to control the king’s power when it†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the â€Å"Whig interpretation† is a philosophy arguing to defend individual constitutional rights and liberty from a tyrannical figure such as Charles I, who was obsessed with the notion of absolutism (Taylor viii). It supports a revocable government and promotes constitutional liberty for the people, both of which were advocated by John Locke. Along with John Locke, Thomas Babington Macaulay also committed himself to the Whig position. Their arguments will be examined in detail later in this paper. Economists such as Christopher Hill take on a different point of view. They try to pinpoint the motive for the English Civil War to a theory of class struggles for economic domination. Hill rejects any interpretation of the origins of the English Civil War which ascribes an independent role to individuals. For Hill and many of his supporters, the war was a revolution of the rising gentry class in Parliament to overthrow English feudal society in order to ensure for themselves favorable conditions for development and expansion (Taylor vii). Thus, a question arises: Was the Whig interpretation responsible for the eruption of the English Civil War or did class struggles play a more important role? 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Because of a familial connection James Stuart, a relative of Queen Elizabeth, acceded the throne on March 24th, 1603. With his installation, James became king of not only England but Scotland and Ireland as well. James’ reign would begin a period which would spawn three civil wars and result in the execution of an English king. Problems arose quicklyRead MoreWhy Have Interpretations of Oliver Cromwell Changed over the Centuries?1174 Words   |  5 Pageswas born in 25 April 1599. Cromwell Died on 3 September 1658. He rose from fairly humble beginnings to become the most victorious military and political leader of the Civil Wars, who was part of the joint republican, military and parliament arian effort that caused the downfall of the  Stuart monarchy  as a result of the  English Civil War, and was consequently invited by his associate leaders to assume a head of state role in 1653. As such, Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector for a five-year segment (1653–58)Read MoreRace in A Different Mirror’ by Ronald Takaki1407 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor’s origin owing to the fact that his English is perfect and eloquent. This incident prompts a discussion that transpires throughout the chapter as the author tries to explain to his audience that America is a multiracial country with different ethnic groups that moved from their homelands to settle in the United States. The chapter discusses the settlement of various racial groups such as; English immigrants, African Americans, Asian Americans, Chicanos and the Irish. The English immigrantsRead MoreThe Novel The Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1385 Words   |  6 PagesApril 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865 the United States of America was at a war unlike any other in its history; a war against itself. This civil war was fought between the North, known as the Union and the South, known as the Confederacy. 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He received a Master’s of Arts in 1932. In 1947, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in history fromRead MoreIndigenous People In Brazil : The Cultural Formation Of Brazil1023 Words   |  5 Pagesor the shudder of the Metropolis, happened from a simple manifestation of the Prince here present who, immediately, formed a real house in total symmetry with its origin. There was no fight, no blood. The liberation of the slaves obeyed a moderate and safe sequence, avoiding great economic shocks and attending the demand of the English power that saw in the competition of the slave labor an unfair form in the formation of prices. Our republic has also been proclaimed, some say by mistake, in a simpleRead MoreEssay on Origins of Popular Sayings1306 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish is an amazing language that reflects many different cultures. Americans have many popular sayings and figures of speech that, if taken literally, make no logical sense. If you mention the phrases â€Å"white elephant,† â€Å"spill the beans,† or â€Å"to pull someone’s leg,† they make no sense unless you are familiar with the culture. The word â€Å"idiom† is used to describe these forms of speech. Idioms are considered to be part of a nation’s culture, and idioms can make learning a foreign language quite

TTR Period Free Essays

They took control of the production of nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, and mace. Due to this, the Dutch profits skyrocketed and they had a strong centralized control over the Indonesian islands, and were also strategically laced near China for trade purport nineties. Jamestown, Virginia being est. We will write a custom essay sample on TTR Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now . In America; Thirty Years War used starting in late 16th century when slaves were Of use in the Atlantic region plantation complex The social set up of the way slaves were treated in society is known as the plantation complex. The complex was the agricultural system based in Brazil, North America, and the Caribbean. The system had slaves working under their masters, usually to harvest crops and bring in more profits for their master at free labor. Conflict between Ottoman and Safaris Empires; McHugh empire under Kafka Politically) 6181648 Thirty Years War This war between Rise of Catholic and Protestantism protestant states completely split Europe apart, as well as it being one of the most devastating European conflicts in history. 6005 Outage unites Japan The once feudal State Of Japan was united by Outage around this time. Some people say that this saved Japan from being taken over as other small island states had been. China got screwed over by silver trade 1500516005 Colonization of the Americas Americas lead to a mass dying out of peoples and paved the way for European do menace Atlantic slave trade in the continent. More Political(Ally) 16801760 King unification of China The unification during the King dynasty was an eighty year military effort to solidify China into an empire. The reason for this was largely security precautions to prevent another Mongol cone guest of China. Second Ottoman Empire siege of Vienna; High point of Slave Trade: European enlightenment; Wars of Islamic Renewal in West Africa 1 598 The Edict of Antes Henry IV issued the Edict of Antes to alleviate some of the tension between the Catholics and the Protestants. The purpose of this was to stop the brutal massacres and battles. It offered mom leniency for the French Protestants in hope that they would return to the Catholic Church and end this religious â€Å"war’. Jamestown is established as the first English settlement in North America; French colony in Quebec established; missionaries expelled from Japan Map: represents fur trade Interaction w/ the Environment(Ally) ca 1500 1600 Fur Trade The â€Å"World Hunt† was an economical and ecological turning point in the Americas. How to cite TTR Period, Papers

Sixties Essays (1240 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Hippie

Sixties Many social changes that were addresses in the 1960s are still the issues being confronted today. The ?60s was a decade of social and political upheaval. Inspite of all the turmoil, there were some positive results: the civil rights revolution, John F. Kennedy's bold vision of a new frontier, and the breathtaking advances in space, helped bring about progress and prosperity. However, there was alot of negative effects: student and anti-war protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited American people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law. The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the Soviet Union, which was aggravated by the U-2 incident, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban missile crisis. along with the space race with the USSR. The decade ended under the shadow of the Vietnam war, which deeply divided Americans and their allies and damaged the country's self-confidence and sense of purpose. Even if you weren't alive in the ?60s, you know what they meant when they said, "tune in, turn on, drop out." you know why the nation celebrates Martin Luther King Jr.' birthday. All of the social issues are reflected in today's society: the civil rights movement, the student movement, the sexual revolution, the environment, and more controversial of all, Hippies. The sixties is also known for its rapid birth rate. Nearly 76 million children were born to this generation, and for that they are called the "Baby Boomers." Suprisingly, even though so many children were being born, not many parents knew how to raise them. The parents of the 50s and 60s were so concerned with the world around them that going to work was the only image children had of their fathers. Kids didn't understand why they worked so much just to gain more material possessions. Children of this generation grew up learning just about how to be free and happy. Most of the time, when thinking back to the sixties, people remember hearing about things such as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what the often tend to overlook is the large emphasis freedoms had on the era. This does not just refer to the freedoms already possessed by every American of the time. This focuses on the youth's fight to gain freedom or break away from the values and ideas left behind by the older generation. These fights were used to help push for freedoms from areas such as society's rules and values, competition, living for others first, and the older generation's beliefs as a whole. Including the freedom to use drugs. The younger generation just wanted a chance to express their own views rather than having to constantly succumb to the views of the older generation. In order to find these unique and different qualities in each other and themselves, the younger generation turned to drugs. This was another freedom which they were required to fight for since the older generation did not support drug use as a source of pleasure and creativity. This could basically be considered an out right rejection of the older society's values. Drugs were also seen as a freedom from reality. Then enable the youths to escape to a different kind of world. Because of the youths' great desire to achieve a universal sense of peace and harmony, drugs were sometimes a very important part of one's life. Sometimes, they would plan a day or evening around the use of a major drug so they could enjoy it to the fullest extent. This could almost be considered ironic in the sense that while trying to gain one freedom, the ability to use drugs, the youths appeared to have lost another freedom, the ability to live their own lives. It seems more as if their lives were controlled by the drugs and the drugs' effects than by the people themselves. The combination of the defiance, revolution, and drugs created a major hippie era. Thousands of hippies would flock to the party capitals of the world for the high of a life time. Haight Ashberry, San Francisco, was once considered hippie central for the world. Here people would just line the streets with drug use, sex, and wild music. In 1967, came the "Summer of Love." This period was not unlike the previous acts of hippies, just more intense. And to top off the hippie era, one of the largest concerts in the world took place in Woodstock, New York. During several days of music, sex, and drugs were abused heavily, almost to the point of

Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry

Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry Introduction Revenue management is an important element in the prediction of consumer behaviour and optimisation of product availability in the market. The concept is also used in setting prices for products through the application of analytics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The objective of revenue administration is to maximise the growth of income generated by a firm (Phillips 2011). Another goal involves determining the right time to sell a particular product, the target market, and the ideal price. Through revenue management, organisations can determine the right package to sell to the consumers alongside the product (Legoherel, Poutier Fyall 2013). For this reason, it is said that this concept involves segmented pricing. Analysts in this field focus their attention on two main factors. The two are revenue growth and consumer behaviour . To predict the behavioural patterns of customers, the availability of the product in the market is optimised with a hope of maximising on revenues. Tourism is a multibillion industry in the world. A number of organisations offer a combination of tour related services. Just like any other robust sector of the global economy, the tourism industry is characterised by stiff competition among the players (The Emirates Group 2013). As a result, businesses operating in this segment must make smart choices to maintain or improve on their market share (The Emirates Group 2013). In the tourism industry, yield is the term used to refer to the actual revenue generated by an airliner or a hotel. The term is used in comparison to the income that would have been achieved in the event that the capacity of the operator was optimally utilised at the same published price (Shaw 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper, the author is going to conduct an up-to-date literature review on revenue management in the tourism industry. In the essay, the author will identify the various challenges faced by marketers in this sector today. The impacts of these problems in hospitality and tourism marketing will be reviewed. To achieve this objective, a number of academic journal articles will be used. Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry To understand the concept of revenue management, it is important for organisations in the tourism industry to familiarise themselves with the notion of yield administration. Through improved yields, organisations can effectively grow their revenue (Harewood 2008). In light of this, yield management becomes an important tool for marketers since they can use it to strike a balance between the marketing segments they are dealing with. It is important to establish this equilibrium in order to generate more revenue for the fir m. The focus of the organisation should not be limited to the idea of increasing the number of consumers. Challenges Facing Marketers in the Tourism Industry As stated earlier, most businesses in the tourism sector include hotels and airlines. The author of this paper puts more emphasis on airliners. It is important to understand that most of the organisations operating in the industry are mainly service providers (McKenna 2014). The business firms rarely offer tangible goods to their customers. Goods are only used as incentives. At times, they are included in packages to lure customers. They are often small and branded, such as key holders. The goods do not in any way improve the amount of revenue that is generated by the tourism company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are considered to be part of the variable costs incurred in the pr ocess of doing business. Marketers in this industry have to identify the best combination of segments in order for them to improve the efficiency of their revenue management undertakings. In the process of managing the revenue of their organisations, marketers in the tourism sector face a number of challenges. Different authors adopt varying perspectives with regards to the challenges facing marketers in the tourism industry. One of the greatest obstacles encountered by these professionals is the need to comply with Vision 2050 (Cathay Pacifi ­c Airways Limited 2012). As the aviation industry grew, it became necessary to come up with ways to address issues related to financial sustainability, conservation of environment, safety, and capacity. That is where Vision 2050 came in. To comply with the guidelines provided in this document, the airlines will have to invest heavily in the industry. More revenue will need to be generated to enable the companies implement the set guidelines. For this reason, marketers are required to calculate the best combination of segments. The pricing of the segments should enable the firms to retain and increase the number of customers. At the same time, the companies need to remain profitable. Striking a balance between the two requirements is a challenge to the marketers (Jones, Lee Chon 2011). Players in the tourism industry are also faced with the challenge of cutting on operational costs while at the same time improving the quality of services offered to the customers (AirAsia 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that airlines, just like any other businesses operating in the contemporary global market, incur both fixed and variable costs. For this reason, the companies have come up with yield management systems. They are required to cut on their variable costs in order to remain profitable. Discounts offered by to the consumers should also be reduced. However, such initiatives only increase the amount of revenue collected per seat. The negative consequence of the move is that the number of customers is likely to go down as a result of the declining quality of services offered. Failure to offer discounts and incentives also makes the airlines lose potential customers, lowering their market share in the process (McCool McCool 2010). Another problem faced by marketers in the tourism industry involves inefficiency in baggage handling (Qantas 2013). Airlines and hotels need to deal with baggage in the most efficient way. However, at the same time, they are expected to red uce their operational costs. Important aspects of baggage handling include arrivals, check-in, manual handling, security, and transfers. Efficiency in this sector translates to improved quality of services. However, additional revenue needs to be allocated to this section to achieve this objective. The cost of such operations is likely to be passed down to the consumers, leading to an increase in the cost of services offered (Schwartz Chen 2012). Businesses in the tourism sector also have to contend with marketing issues related to the environment (Shaw 2011). In aviation, the marketers should take into consideration environmental regulations in their promotional activities. Compliance with these regulations is costly to the airlines. It translates to an increase in the cost of doing business. The airlines will in turn raise the prices charged on the various packages offered to consumers. Increasing the cost of services discourages customers from using the services of the company. On their part, hotels are also required by law to adhere to specific environmental policies. As a result, adjustments have to be made in a bid to comply with the regulations. The prices of some of the packages offered are raised to meet the costs incurred in making these adjustments (Vinod 2009). Change in customer loyalties has also been cited as one of the greatest challenges that marketers in the hospitality and tourism industry have to deal with (Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 2012). Hotels and airlines plan for their capacities in advance. They estimate the number of customers who are expected to use their services within a given duration of time. In most cases, the services are requested by customers and paid for in advance. However, changes in customer loyalties mean that hotels and airlines are likely to operate under capacity. The reduced earnings notwithstanding, the organisations are expected to meet their fixed costs. The low revenue generated as a result of lack of loya lty affects profitability, leading to increased prices in some of the segments. The Impacts of the Challenges on Tourism and Hospitality Marketing The challenges facing marketers in the tourism and hospitality industry have significantly impacted on the competition among segments in the sector. Such segments include accommodation, attraction sites, food and beverage, adventures and recreation, as well as travel trade (Cathay Paci ­fic Airways Limited 2012). Today, investors in the industry are engaged in cut-throat competition in an attempt to gain control of the market share. The operators have come up with improved revenue management systems to enhance their pricing schemes. Competition is important as it improves the quality of services offered to the customers. The costs of operations incurred by the competing businesses are also minimised, which leads to conservation of resources. Through competition, matters to do with convenience, control, and speed when dealing with passen gers have improved. Competition requires businesses to provide unique and quality services in order to retain and attract potential customers (Vinod 2009). Customers are likely to be on the lookout for high quality services, which are characterised by timeliness and consistency. The revenue management strategies put in place are expected to ensure that the most attractive packages are given at the best prices possible. Enhanced revenue management strategies among firms in the tourism and hospitality industry have also led to improved customer experiences (Schwartz, Stewart Backlund 2012). Airlines and hotel companies have devised mechanisms to provide their customers with valuable and vibrant experiences. Through successful marketing strategies, segmentation is made possible, allowing for different classes of tourists to get the best value out of their money. For example, major airlines have specialised on different classes of customers. For instance, for the past few years, Emirat es has focused on offering the best first class flight services in the industry (The Emirates Group 2013). Cathay Pacific Airline, on the other hand, specialises in the provision of services for business class tourists. Qantas and AirAsia focus on economy and low class groups of passengers, respectively. It is also possible for airlines to accommodate the four groups of passengers. Likewise, hotels offer different packages for varying groups of people. As a result, they are in a position to attract a diverse base of clientele. A number of revenue management policies are concerned with baggage handling (Vinod 2009). It is estimated that these strategies will help save over $1.25 billion by the reducing cases of baggage lost and mishandled. The approach is also likely to promote customer loyalty. The airlines and hotels that pay attention to the luggage of their customers are viewed as responsible and attract more clients. Complaints from customers are also reduced. Enhanced revenue m anagement strategies have made it possible for persons to travel from one point to another with ease. The development is brought about by improved price regimes in the industry (Lindenmeier Tscheulin 2008). As a result, many flights are been made to different destinations across the globe. The result of the increased movement of persons is increased congestion in many tourist destinations (Nason 2007). Tourists also pollute the environment around their destinations. Gases produced following the combustion of fuel by the airplanes also cause massive air pollution. It is worth noting that degradation of the destinations will lower the number of visitors. The development will hurt businesses in the sector as a result of reduced number of customers. In light of this, stakeholders should strive to deal with the problem of pollution in order to remain in business. A number of airlines, such as Emirates, have in the past engaged in charitable activities, which include cleaning the environ ment (The Emirates Group 2013). Conclusion Revenue management predicts customer behaviour through analytics. It is used to optimise the prices of goods and their availability in the market in a bid maximise revenue generation. Organisations can determine the most profitable packages through revenue management. In addition, segmented pricing can be implemented using this approach. Competition in the industry is stiff. For this reason, businesses have to come up with appealing packages to remain profitable. Revenue management provides such organisations with a chance to offer high quality services. At the same time, the businesses remain profitable without having to hike the prices of services provided. References AirAsia 2012, AirAsia annual-report, airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/annual-report-2012.pdf. Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 2012, Cathay Pacifi ­c Airways Limited stock code: 00293 annual reports, cathaypacific.com/content/dam/cx/about-us/investor-rel ations/interim-annual-reports/en/2012_annual-report_en.pdf. Harewood, S 2008, ‘Coordinating the tourism supply chain using bid prices’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 7 no. 3, pp. 266-280. Jones, D, Lee, A Chon, K 2011, ‘Future issues in sales, marketing, and revenue management in greater China: what keeps you up at night?’, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 28 no. 6, pp. 598-614. Legoherel, P, Poutier, E Fyall, A 2013, Revenue management for hospitality and tourism, Goodfellow Publishers Limited, New Jersey. Lindenmeier, J Tscheulin, D 2008, ‘The effects of inventory control and denied boarding on customer satisfaction: the case of capacity-based airline revenue management’, Tourism Management, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 32-43. McCool, B McCool, A 2010, ‘Incorporating lessons learned into tourism industry strategic planning for disaster management’, International Journal of Revenue Management, vol. 4 no. 3, p . 259. McKenna, R 2014, ‘Revenue management for hospitality tourism’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 74-76. Nason, S 2007, ‘Forecasting the future of airline revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 64-66. Phillips, R 2011, ‘Efficient frontiers in revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 229-236. Qantas 2013, Qantas 2012/13 full year financial results, qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/mediaReleaseResults13.pdf. Schwartz, Z Chen, C 2012, ‘Hedonic motivations and the effectiveness of risk perceptions-oriented revenue management policies’, Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, vol. 36 no. 2, pp. 232-250. Schwartz, Z, Stewart, W Backlund, E 2012, ‘Visitation at capacity-constrained tourism destinations: exploring revenue management at a national park’, Tourism Management, vol. 33 no. 3, pp. 500- 508. Shaw, S 2011, Airline marketing and management, 7th edn, SSA Ltd., Oxfordshire. The Emirates Group 2013, The Emirates Group complete financial report and accounts 2012-2013, theemiratesgroup.com/english/facts-figures/annual-report.aspx. Vinod, B 2009, ‘The complexities and challenges of the airline fare management process and alignment with revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 137-151

Valens and the Battle of Adrianople (Hadrianopolis)

Valens and the Battle of Adrianople (Hadrianopolis) Bad intelligence gathering and the unwarranted confidence of Emperor Valens (A.D. c. 328 - A.D. 378) led to the worst Roman defeat since Hannibals victory at the Battle of Cannae. On August 9, A.D. 378, Valens was killed and his army lost to an army of Goths led by Fritigern, whom Valens had given permission only two years earlier to settle in Roman territory. Division of Rome In 364, a year after the death of Julian, the apostate emperor, Valens was made co-emperor with his brother Valentinian. They chose to split the territory, with Valentinian taking the West and Valens the East- a division that was to continue. (Three years later Valentinian conferred the rank of co-Augustus on his young son Gratian who would take over as emperor in the West in 375 when his father died with his infant half-brother, Gratian, co-emperor, but only in name.) Valentinian had had a successful military career prior to being elected emperor, but Valens, who had only joined the military in the 360s, had not. Valens Tries to Reclaim Land Lost to the Persians Since his predecessor had lost eastern territory to the Persians (5 provinces on the eastern side of the Tigris, various forts and the cities of Nisibis, Singara and Castra Maurorum), Valens set out to reclaim it, but revolts within the Eastern Empire kept him from completing his plans. One of the revolts was caused by the usurper Procopius, a relative of the last of the line of Constantine, Julian. Because of a claimed relationship with the family of the still popular Constantine, Procopius persuaded many of Valens troops to defect, but in 366, Valens defeated Procopius and sent his head to his brother Valentinian. Valens Makes a Treaty With the Goths The Tervingi Goths led by their king Athanaric had planned to attack Valens territory, but when they learned of Procopius plans, they became his allies, instead. Following his defeat of Procopius, Valens intended to attack the Goths, but was prevented, first by their flight, and then by a spring flood the next year. However, Valens persisted and defeated the Tervingi (and the Greuthungi, both Goths) in 369. They concluded a treaty quickly which allowed Valens to set to work on the still missing eastern (Persian) territory. Trouble From the Goths and Huns Unfortunately, troubles throughout the empire diverted his attention. In 374 he had deployed troops to the west and was faced with a military manpower shortage. In 375 the Huns pushed the Goths out of their homelands. The Greuthungi and Tervingi Goths appealed to Valens for a place to live. Valens, seeing this as an opportunity to increase his military, agreed to admit into Thrace those Goths who were led by their chieftain Fritigern, but not the other groups of Goths, including those led by Athanaric, who had conspired against him before. Those who were excluded followed Fritigern, anyway. Imperial troops, under the leadership of Lupicinus and Maximus, managed the immigration, but badly- and with corruption. Jordanes explains how the Roman officials took advantage of the Goths. Soon famine and want came upon them, as often happens to a people not yet well settled in a country. Their princes and the leaders who ruled them in place of kings, that is Fritigern, Alatheus and Safrac, began to lament the plight of their army and begged Lupicinus and Maximus, the Roman commanders, to open a market. But to what will not the cursed lust for gold compel men to assent? The generals, swayed by avarice, sold them at a high price not only the flesh of sheep and oxen, but even the carcasses of dogs and unclean animals, so that a slave would be bartered for a loaf of bread or ten pounds of meat.- Jordanes Driven to revolt, the Goths defeated the Roman military units in Thrace in 377. In May 378, Valens aborted his eastern mission in order to deal with the uprising of Goths (aided by Huns and Alans). Their number, Valens was assured, was no more than 10,000. [W]hen the barbarians ... arrived within fifteen miles from the station of Nike, ... the emperor, with wanton impetuosity, resolved on attacking them instantly, because those who had been sent forward to reconnoiter- what led to such a mistake is unknown- affirmed that their entire body did not exceed ten thousand men.- Ammianus Marcellinus,  The Battle of Hadrianopolis Occupation Index - Ruler By August 9, 378, Valens was outside of one of the cities named for the Roman emperor Hadrian, Adrianople. There Valens pitched his camp, built palisades and waited for Emperor Gratian (who had been fighting the Germanic Alamanni)  to arrive with the Gallic army. Meanwhile, ambassadors from the Gothic leader Fritigern arrived asking for a truce, but Valens didnt trust them, and so he sent them back. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the source of the only detailed version of the battle, says some Roman princes advised Valens not to wait for Gratian, because if Gratian fought Valens would have to share the glory of victory. So on that August day Valens, thinking his troops more than equal to the reported troop numbers of the Goths, led the Roman imperial army into battle. Roman and Gothic soldiers met each other in a crowded, confused, and very bloody line of battle.   Our left wing had advanced actually up to the wagons, with the intent to push on still further if they were properly supported; but they were deserted by the rest of the cavalry, and so pressed upon by the superior numbers of the enemy, that they were overwhelmed and beaten down.... And by this time such clouds of dust arose that it was scarcely possible to see the sky, which resounded with horrible cries; and in consequence, the darts, which were bearing death on every side, reached their mark, and fell with deadly effect, because no one could see them beforehand so as to guard against them.-  Ammianus Marcellinus: The Battle of Hadrianopolis Amid the fighting, an additional contingent of Gothic troops arrived, far outnumbering the distressed Roman troops. Gothic victory was assured. Death of Valens Two-thirds of the Eastern army were killed, according to Ammianus, putting an end to 16 divisions. Valens was among the casualties. While, like most of the details of the battle, the details of Valens demise are not known with any certainty, it is thought that Valens was either killed towards the end of the battle or wounded, escaped to a nearby farm, and there was burned to death by Gothic marauders. A supposed survivor brought the story to the Romans. So momentous and disastrous was the Battle of Adrianople that Ammianus Marcellinus called it the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter. It is worth noting that this catastrophic Roman defeat occurred in the Eastern Empire. Despite this fact, and the fact that among the precipitating factors for the fall of Rome, barbarian invasions must rank very high, the fall of Rome, barely a century later, in A.D. 476, did not occur within the Eastern Empire. The next emperor in the East was Theodosius I who conducted clean up operations for 3 years before concluding a peace treaty with the Goths. See Accession of Theodosius the Great. Source: De Imperatoribus Romanis Valens(campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/Adrianople.html) Map of the Battle of Adrianople (www.romanempire.net/collapse/valens.html) Valens